奇文共赏：《重建黄姓及其相关宗族：分子遗传学与历史谱系的综合分析》

Reconstructing the Huang Surname and Its Related Lineages: A Comprehensive Analysis of Molecular Genetics and Historical Genealogies

重建黄姓及其相关宗族：分子遗传学与历史谱系的综合分析 https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.17.638729

The origin of the Huang surname is complex, but according to historical texts such as Shiji , it can be traced back to the Yellow Emperor (Huang Di) and his descendant, Bo Yi, who played a key role in controlling the floods during the Xia Dynasty and was granted the surname Ying. Bo Yi had two sons who each established a state, one named Huang and the other Xu. After the fall of Huang, its people adopted Huang as their surname and migrated to Hubei. Similarly, after the fall of Xu, its people adopted Xu as their surname, spreading throughout Jiangsu. Further descendants of Bo Yi also gave rise to 12 other surnames, including the Liang surname. Given that the narratives of ancient texts are often regarded as legendary, we aim to independently verify the authenticity of the historical records by analyzing the paternal haplotypes of the Huang surname and its related surnames using scientific methods. We analyzed the surname genetic data of 207,333 Han Chinese males published by 23Mofang and combined it with independent sequencing research. In 189 Y chromosome haplotype branches, each containing at least five individuals with the surnames Huang, Xu, or Liang, and formed around 4,000 years ago, we analyzed the proportion of samples with the Huang surname from Hubei among all samples nationwide with the Huang surname. Branches with a high proportion in Hubei are likely to represent the Hubei-specific lineage of the Huang surname. We similarly analyzed the proportion of samples with the Xu surname in the Jiangsu area and of samples with the Liang surname in the Hebei area. We further applied two criteria to identify the ancestral genotype of a specific surname in a given region: first, the surname should appear at a high frequency among all surnames within that genotype; second, the proportion of samples of the region among nationwide samples should be high. The results showed that the Hubei-specific Huang surname likely carries the MF14296/MF15137 haplotype downstream of the supergrandfather O-M117-F8-F2137-A16635-A16636. Our independent sampling study found that A16636 is the dominant haplotype among the Huang surname population in nine neighboring Huang surname villages around Luohansi in Huangpi, Hubei. The Jiangsu-specific Xu surname likely carries the MF38096/SK1726 haplotype under the A16636 sister branch F15823, while the Hebei-specific Liang surname likely carries the F15823 related MF14287/MF15398/MF14963 haplotype. This conclusion aligns with the historical records, providing strong genetic evidence that supports the authenticity of these ancestral claims regarding the Huang and Xu states and the Xia dynasty.

黄姓起源复杂，但根据《史记》等史料，其起源可追溯至黄帝及其后代伯益。伯益在夏朝治理水患中功不可没，被赐姓为英。伯益有两个儿子，一个叫黄，一个叫徐，分别建立了一个国家。黄国灭亡后，其族人以黄为姓，迁徙至湖北。徐国灭亡后，其族人以徐为姓，遍布江苏。伯益的后代还衍生了梁姓等12个姓氏。鉴于古籍叙述往往被视为传奇，我们旨在通过科学方法分析黄姓及其相关姓氏的父系单倍型，以独立验证历史记录的真实性。我们分析了二十三魔方发表的207,333名汉族男性的姓氏基因数据，并结合自主研发的测序研究，在约4,000年前形成的189个Y染色体单倍型分支中，每个分支至少包含5个黄、徐、梁姓个体。我们分析了湖北黄姓样本在全国黄姓样本中所占的比例。湖北比例高的分支很可能代表了黄姓湖北特有的谱系。我们还分析了江苏地区徐姓样本和河北地区梁姓样本的比例。进一步，我们运用两个标准来识别特定地区特定姓氏的祖先基因型：第一，该姓氏在该基因型所有姓氏中出现频率高；第二，该地区样本在全国样本中所占比例高。结果表明，湖北特有的黄姓可能携带超祖父O-M117-F8-F2137-A16635-A16636下游的MF14296/MF15137单倍型。我们的独立抽样研究发现，A16636是湖北黄陂罗汉寺周边9个黄姓村落黄姓人群的优势单倍型。江苏特有的徐姓可能携带A16636姊妹支F15823下的MF38096/SK1726单倍型，而河北特有的梁姓可能携带与F15823相关的MF14287/MF15398/MF14963单倍型。这一结论与史料记载相符，提供了强有力的遗传证据，证实了黄国、徐国和夏朝祖先主张的真实性。